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高中英语：little 和small的用法讲解
这一对形容词是同义词，但修辞意味有所不同。
Little 往往带有感情色彩，有指小和可爱的意味，它的对义词是great或big.
Small是中性词，不带感情色彩，它的反义词是large.通过下列词语的比较，我们可以分辨它们的隐含意义：
a little house 含义是小巧玲珑的房子
a small house 含义是面积或容量不大的房子
a little girl 含义是可爱的或可怜的小女孩
a small girl 含义是年龄或身材不大的女孩
a little town 含义是可爱的小镇
a small town 含义是面积不大或人口不多的小镇
值得注意的是，little和small在修饰某些名词时，会产生不同的意思。例如：
little money 是没有多少钱
small money 是面额小的钱币
下面两个句子的涵义并不相同，请注意：
He has no small chance of success.
他大有成功的可能。
He has not the smallest chance of success.
他并没有成功的可能。
一百多年前，有些英美作家用littler，littlest作为little的比较级和最高级，如 the littlest child;the littler house.这种英语在现代英语中已看不到了。
上面谈到great和large是little和small的对语，这里举两个例子予以说明great和large的区别：
a great man是一个伟大的人物，意指他具有高贵的品质或惊人的成就。
a large man是一个身材高大的人，意指他的外表长得高大，并不指他的品性、能力或工作而言。
a great dog是一条大得令人望而生畏的狗，它带有畏惧的感情色彩。
a large dog 是一条大狗，并无感情色彩在内。
不定式动词的用法不定式动词(Infinitive)的形式是：“to + 原动词”, 如：to come, to go, to play, to read, to listen, to sing等等。
在一般情况下，“to + 原动词”必须靠拢，但在某些情况里，“to”和原动词可以被适当的副词(Adverb)分开，在某些动词句型里，“to”则必须省略。
在什么情况下，不定式动词的两部份可以分开呢?分开的目的何在?在大多数场合里，不定式动词两部分不分开，只有在特殊环境里才准许让副词加入，以便更准确地，更自然地反映某些实际情况。看看下面三个句子：
(1) Bob failed completely to fulfil his duties.
(2) Bob failed to fulfil his duties completely.
(3) Bob failed to completely fulfil his duties.
在(1)里，状态副词“Completely”既可修饰谓语动词“failed”，也可修饰不定式动词“to fulfil”。在 (2) 里，“completely”和被修饰的不定式动词离开太远，力道不足，效果欠佳。在 (3) 里，“completely”夹在不定式动词两部份之间，把它修饰得既自然又贴切;这个位置，在三个句子中，可说是最恰当的了。
同样的，(4)比(5)紧凑;(6)比(7)扎实：
(4) It was wrong for Mr Lim to suddenly quit the job.
(5) It was wrong for Mr Lim suddenly to quit the job.
(6) Is it possible for a chaotic country to further develop its economy?
(7) Is it possible for a chaotic country to develop its economy further?
由于不定式动词的两部分在适当时分开有其优点，这种用法，在现代英语里越来越普遍。例如：
(8) Civil servants were urged to better serve the public.
(9)The Economic Development Board has just announced some new plans to further promote the economic development.
(10) I don't want you to be forever criticising your friends' good efforts.
(11) The new manager wanted the new scheme to be properly implemented.
高三英语作文：Environment Protection
We live in the world every day. We eat food, drink water, wear clothes, watch TV, use computers and so on. We are producing waste every moment.
Generally speaking, there are four sorts of waste. They are material waste, organic waste, inorganic waste and poisonous & harmful waste. Now, we are going to talk about each sort of waste one by one.
Material waste: it means the waste of substance or things from which something else can be made. For example, people throw away the used metal products and buy a new one, so the old metal waste accumulates. At last, they become waste. For example, when people finish reading newspaper, the paper will become waste. When the glass is broken, it also becomes waste. Nobody wants to use a broken window or drink with a broken glass or wear a pair of broken glasses. Once it is broken, it becomes waste. The rate of using plastics is increasing day by day. People use plastic bags because they are convenient. When they get home, they throw the plastics way, paying no attention to the environment. The more convenience plastics brings to us, the more plastic waste is produced. This is called “white pollution” as most plastics are white. Some of our products we use every day are made of rubber, just like the tyres and the bottom part of our shoes. It’s true that rubber plays an important role in our life. However, it also brings us some trouble when it has been used for a long time and becomes old. The old tyres become waste because it can’t break down by nature. This is really a big problem.
Organic waste: it refers to waste from living things, including waste from animals, plants and people. Some parts of vegetables are thrown away as waste because they don’t taste good. In the past, people cooked their food using burning coal, so there left the burned coal, which is useless, like the thrown vegetables. All this sorts of waste contain organism, so it is called organic waste.
Actually, we also have inorganic waste, the opposite to organic waste, including building waste, broken pottery and china, and cinder.
The last part is harmful and poisonous waste, such as used batteries, electrical apparatus and medical supplies. Computers and TV sets are one part of electrical apparatus. You see, the old electrical apparatus can set off some dangerous rays and make the soil harder, even damage the under ground water. Mobile phones are as dangerous as computers and TV sets. As we know, X-rays can be used to examine patients, but the X-rays machines are dangerous when they are thrown away without any treatment. They can’t be used to treat the sick, but they still can give off rays. For the normal people, they can be dangerous. So, we must think about this problem.
As waste has four sorts, we can sort them into each sort that they belong to. It’s convenient to treat them after they are sorted. Then we can deal with them sort by sort. We have thought out some methods like storing them in order to change them into plant food, or burning them in a huge stove and use the heat to make electricity. For the first way, the change rate is much too low and it may pollute the under ground water. For the second one, of course it’s wonderful if it’s easy to be tried out. But to build such a huge stove will cost too much. Not a good method. Now you see, treating waste is not an easy job.
From what has been discussed above, we can do something to our home—the earth. We should make full use of things. At the same time, we’d better reduce its harmful effect as much as possible.
We can do from the basic of waste. That’s to say, we can reduce the production of waste, and reuse and recycle them as much as we can. Take material waste for example. Nearly all of them can be recycled and reused. And, we should call for using things made of paper instead of plastics so as to protect our environment.
Protecting the environment is not one person’s duty; it depends on all of us. What can we do? Maybe a dozen.. In a word, use what can reuse as much as possible. Remember, environment protection is not one’s duty!
高考英语阅读理推理引申题解题技巧
推理引申题解题技巧
阅读的目的不仅在于读懂原文字面上的意义，还要求在理解原文观点的基础上，领悟作者的言外之意（learn to read between the lines）。《大纲》要求考生能作出简单判断和推理、能理解作者的意图和态度。这一要求常常通过推理引申题来考查。
推理是要求考生在阅读过程中沟通外现的和内涵的、已述的和未述的含义，以文章提供的事实为依据，经过分析、思考形成这样或那样的观点；要求考生在通篇理解文章的基础上去领悟作者的言外之意，并对作者的态度、观点、写作目的意图、文章的寓意等作出正确的推理判断。引申要求考生在理解文章主题思想、作者的态度倾向、观点意图、情节发展等的前提下，作出合乎逻辑的引申。这类题要求我们由“已知的”去推断“未知的”，属于一种深层次的理解。
推理引申题题干中常常含有infer，imply, suggest，conclude, learn，tone, attitude, intend， purpose 等一类的词。常见的提问形式有：
The purpose of the passage is to … …
It can be inferred from the passage that …
We may infer that…..
When the writer talks about …., what the writer really means is …
The author suggests that….
The story implies that….
The writer’s attitude towards ….is ….
From the passage we can conclude that….
The passage is intended to ….
In the author’s opinion, …….
The purpose of writing this passage is … …
It can be concluded that… ….
Which point of view may the author agree to ?
了解了这一类题的特点和命题形式，我们还要注意正确的答题：在阅读时要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章的结构，根据上下文之间的内在联系，推断文章的深层含义。对于隐含在字里行间或者流露于文章修饰词语中的人物的行为动机、事件中的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、态度、观点、意图等要依据文章的主题思想进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。命题者在出推理类题时往往编造一些文中已言明的事实、超出文章范围的推理、过度发挥的引申等来作为干扰项考查考生的逻辑能力。因此，特别注意：文中已明确说明的内容不需要推理，推理以原文中心为依据，引申要适度。对于涉及作者观点和态度一类题时，不要把自己的态度掺入其中，还要注意区分作者的观点态度和作者引用别人的观点态度，当作者没有明确表示态度时，要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断。常用的褒义词有：positive, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring, great, wonderful, beautiful, fantastic;常用的贬义词有: disgusting, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointed, awful; 常用的表中性的词有：indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent（矛盾的）, neutral, apathetic（无动于衷的）, humor, disinterested.
看看下面的例题：（05 重庆卷 A 篇）
My parents were in a huge argument, and I was really upset about it . I didn’t know who I should talk with about how I was feeling. So I asked Mom to allow me to stay the night at my best friend’s house. Though I knew I wouldn’t tell her about my parents’ situation, I was looking forward to getting out of the house. I was in the middle of packing up my things when suddenly the power went out in the neighborhood. Mom came to tell me that I should stay with my grandpa until the power came back on.
I was really disappointed because I felt that we did not have much to talk about. But I knew he would be frightened alone in the dark. I went to his room and told him that I’d stay with him until the power was restored. He was quite happy and said: “Great opportunity.”
“What is?” I asked.
“To talk , you and I ,” he said .” To hold a private little meeting about what we’re going to do with your mom and dad , and what we’re going to do with ourselves now that we’re 高考 in the situation we are in .”
“But we can’t do anything about it , Grandpa,” I said , surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same “boat” as I was .
And that’s how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feelings and fears of life—from how fast things change, to how they sometimes don’t change fast enough. That night, because the power went out , I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be.
Suddenly, the lights all came back on. “Well,” he said, “I guess that means you’ll go now .I really like our talk. I hope the power will go out every few nights!”
58．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．The grandchild was eager to leave. B．They would have more chats.
C．The lights would go out again. D．It would no longer be dark.
解析：短文的中心是：在一个停电的夜晚，“我”和爷爷愉快畅谈的故事。故事中已言明：He was quite happy and said : “Great opportunity.”； I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talk about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be；I hope the power will go out every few nights!这些事实，结合短文的中心，我们不难推断出：爷孙两个人以后会有更多的交流。所以，这题答案为：B。
（05 重庆卷 E 篇）
In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people .
I have taught many children who held the belief that their self-worth relied (依赖)on how well they performed at tennis and other skills. For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs. In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .
However, while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. Among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. Teaching these young people, I often observe in them a desire to fail. They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. By not trying, they always have an excuse: “I may have lost, but it doesn’t matter because I really didn’t try.” What is not usually admitted by themselves is the belief that if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. Such a loss would be a measure of their worth. Clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others. Both are afraid of not being valued. Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .
75．Which point of view may the author agree to?
A．Every effort should be paid back.
B．Competition should be encouraged.
C．Winning should be a life-and-death matter.
D．Fear of failure should be removed in competition.
解析：文章结构清晰，第一段首句揭示主题：Opinions about competition are different among people. 第二段作者通过生活中的观察发现：Many children are lost in the desire to succeed. 并表明自己的看法：In their single-minded pursuit ( 追求)of success , the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten .（在他们对追求的简单心态下，许多其他的品德的发展被可悲地遗忘了。）第三段第一句用到表转折的副词however，其后呈现段落主题句：while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed , others take an opposite attitude .接下来，作者分析了两种不同态度的实质：Both are based on the mistaken belief that one’s self-respect relies on how well one performs in comparison with others . Both are afraid of not being valued .最后作者表明自己的观点：Only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (缓解) can we discover a new meaning in competition .分析各个段落的主题，我们不难得出文章的中心思想：只有消除竞争中的畏惧，我们才能发现竞争的意义。75题是一道推理题，要求我们推断作者的观点态度，分析文章的结构，结合文章的主题，我们不难推断出：D 为正确答案。
【实战演练练习八】（05 山东卷 B 篇）
Fidenzio Salvatori is determined that the city of Toronto will have an outdoor marketplace for merchants from its immigrant community, complete with dancing and other forms of amusement from their native countries. “Toronto is truly multicultural(多元文化的),” he said in a newspaper interview. “It’s a city from many places, and a multicultural marketplace will help Torontonians to understand and appreciate the rich variety of cultural groups in our city.”
Salvatori, aged 23, will soon complete his studies at the University of Toronto. He was eleven years old when he came to Canada from Italy with his parents. “Most of Toronto’s immigrants are from lands where the marketplace has always been part of daily life,” he said.
Salvatori has been interested in getting an open-air market for Toronto for the last three years. This year, with the help of two fellow students, he prepared a proposal on the subject and presented it to the city’s Executive Committee, asking for their support. The proposal pointed out Toronto’s rich variety of national groups, “whose customs include market shopping.”
Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the three students have received tow thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Toronto’s immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. “A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it,” Salvatori said. “At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as a tourist attraction.”
64．It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports _____.
A．the protection of different cultures B．the plan of an open-air market
C．the request of merchants D．the attitude of shoppers
【实战演练练习九】（05 辽宁卷 A 篇）
When building houses, people used to think about not only the climate of the areas but also the building materials and the fashions for their houses. However, since electricity became more and more expensive, people began to pay much more attention to the energy they could get for their houses and the new ways they could find to protect their houses from both cold and heat.
Now, houses of an old yet new type have been widely built. In some parts of the world, people share their houses with their livestock（家畜）.During cold weather, they gather their cows, goats, or other animals and keep them on the first floor of their houses. The reasons are that the animals can be protected from the cold and that they can help to heat the houses as well. The body heat given off by the animals rises to the second floor of the houses, where people live. By sharing their houses with their livestock, people gain a source of heat.
People who live in or near cities do not usually keep livestock. However, home builders use the fact that heat rises. This natural law can be used in building houses in these areas. Instead of keeping livestock on the first floor, builders fill it with large rocks. As they are open to the sun’s rays during cold weather, these rocks take in heat. They also give off the heat, and, of course, the warm air rises into the living areas of the houses. So these houses are energy-saving.
House-building becomes a great challenge（挑战）to building designers and energy engineers. They try to meet this challenge by learning from old traditions and by using modern technology. And someday in the future, people will be able to live in more energy-saving houses.
59．From the passage, we can conclude that __________.
A．people will no longer consider building materials in the future
B．energy-saving buildings will become more popular in the future
C．almost all people will move into the houses heated by large rocks
D．energy engineers will devote themselves only to modern technology
【实战演练练习十】（05 全国卷Ⅲ E 篇）
Last year my sixth-grader daughter, Elizabeth, was forced to put up with science. Her education, week after week ,contained mindless memorization of big words like “batholith” and “saprophyte”. She learned by heart the achievements of famous scientists who did things like “improved nuclear fusion(核聚变)” —never mind that she hasn’t the least idea of what nuclear fusion means .Elizabeth did very well (she’s good at memorizing things). And now she hates science. My eighth-grader son, Ben, also suffered from science education. Week after week he had to perform lab experiments with answers already known .Ben figured out how to guess the right answers, so he got good grades. Now he hates science, too.
Science can provide an exciting way to develop children’s curiosity .Science education should teach ways to ask questions and seek answers. But my children got the mistaken idea in school that science is difficult, dull and has no relation to their everyday interests.
As a physicist, I am saddened and angered to see “the great science turn off” I know that science is important in our lives. Yet studies prove that our schools are turning out millions of graduates who know almost nothing about and have almost no interest in science. What’s gone wrong? Who is to blame?
60．By writing the text, the author questions .
A．the difficulty level of the science texts B．the way science is taught in school
C．the achievements of famous scientists D．students’ poor records in science classes
【实战演练练习十一】（06 北京卷B篇）
I was 9 years old when I found out my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother’s words as if it were yesterday: “Kerrel, I don’t want you to take food from your father, because he has AIDS. Be very careful when you are around him.”
AIDS wasn’t something we talked about in my country when I was growing up. From then on, I knew that this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But when I was 12, his condition worsened. My father’s other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.
We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage.
I did not share my burden (负担) with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates who had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cruel. When my father was moved to the hospital, the nurses would leave his food on the bedside table even though he was too weak to feed himself.
I had known that he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his condition a secret. I was completely unprepared when he reached his final days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National AIDS Support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life.
I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn’t want to call attention to AIDS. I do.
63． Why did Kerrel write the passage?
A. To tell people about the sufferings of her father.
B. To show how little people knew about AIDS.
C. To draw people’s attention to AIDS.
D. To remembered her father.
【实战演练练习十二】（06 陕西卷D篇）
In many countries the standard of living enjoyed by their peole has increased rapidly in recent years. Sadly,not everyone in these coyntries is so fortunate and many people in rich contries are homeless.
The reasons for homelessness are various, but poverty（贫穷）is undoubtedly one of the main causes. The homeless people may have become jobless and then been unable to pay their rent and so no longer have a roof over their heads. Often, the fact that unemployed people get help from the government prevents this from happening, but not always.
Some homeless people are mentally ill and have no one to look after them. Some are young people who, for one reason or another , have left home and have nowhere to live. Many of them have had a serious disagreement with their parents and have left home, choosing to go to a city and live on the streets. Sometimes they have taken such action because they have been unable to get on with a step-parent.
Many homeless people get into the habit of begging to get enough money to stay alive, but many of the general public tefuse to give anything to beggars. Often they are moved on by the police, being accused （指控），whether rightly or wrongly, of forceful begging . There are many who disrespect homeles people.
Some cynics（愤世嫉俗的人）declare that homeless people choose to live the life which they lead. But who would willingly choose to live in z shop doorway, under a bridger or in a cardboard box?
53． It can be inferred from the text that________.
A. the homeles are willing to live under a bridge or in a cardboard box
B. you will not find homeless people in countries with a high standard of living
C. the mentally ill live on the stress becausethey want the company of other homeless people
D. the unemployed who receive help may still be among the homeless
高考英语短文改错题探秘
改错题是考生感到棘手的题型之一。笔者对近几年的改错题作了细致的分析并加以归类后，发现错误类型主要集中在以下方面。（例题保留原题号）
1. 动词时态
每年都有时态错误的小题，而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。
（1）（2003全国卷）She liked it very much and reads it to the class. All said the story was... 84. read
（and连接并列谓语）
（2）（2004江苏卷）At once I apologize and controlled myself... 83. apologized
（and连接并列谓语）
（3）（2004全国卷） Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class,... 82. talk
（根据sometimes可判断此句为一般现在时）
（4）（2005全国卷Ⅱ）I will write again and send you the photos we take together. 85. took
（把照片寄给你，应该是已经拍好的，用过去时）
（5）（2005全国卷Ⅰ） There are advantage for students to work while studying at school. One of them was that they can earn money. 77. is
（从上下文判断，应该是现在时，谓语用is）
（6）（2005江苏卷）We named him Jack and keep him for about three years. 76. kept
（and连接并列谓语）
2. 名词单复数
单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一，改动的依据有：一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份；二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。
（1）（2003全国卷）Their word were a great encouragement to me. 85. words
（是把word改为words 还是把were改为was，根据名词前的修饰限定词their来决定。）
（2）（2004江苏）that was a dinner we had waited for several month. 85. months
（several修饰复数名词）
（3）（2004全国卷Ⅰ） a few minute on the Internet. 77. minutes
（a few修饰复数名词）
（4）（2005全国卷Ⅱ）But one and a half year later. 79. years
（one and a half意思为一年半，故判断此处year应为复数形式）
（5）（2005全国卷Ⅰ）There are advantage for students to work... 76. advantages
（从there are 判断应该用名词复数）
3. 句子结构
句子结构方面的错误范围庞大，解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考：1）句子结构是否完整，成份是否冗缺；2）单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符；3）主谓一致；4）复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。
（1）（2004 全国卷）I won’t be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. 78. because/as
（复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当）
（2）（2004 全国卷Ⅱ） I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. 81. why
（复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词运用不当）
（3）（2005全国卷Ⅰ）For the most part, students working to earn money for their own use. 78. work
（缺谓语动词）
（4）（2005全国卷Ⅰ）Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything if they like. 79. allows
（主语是动名词短语Earning their own money，谓语应该用单数）
（5）（2005江苏卷）But the most wonderful thing about Jack were his musical ability. 84. was
（主语是第三人称单数）
4. 赘述
高考英语改错题中的赘述是指在一些固定表达中或从上下文逻辑来看用了多余的词，从而使句子表达不合规范或造成逻辑上的重复。
（1）（2003全国卷80）I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day. 80. should
（并列谓语，should多余）
（2）（2004 全国卷）Can you tell me about what I should do? 85. about
（tell sb about/of sth或tell sb接从句）
（3）（2004重庆卷）I had to look up to the same word many times, ... 78. to
（look up a word查字典）
（4）（2005全国卷Ⅰ）Some students may also to save up for their college or future use. 84. to
（情态动词may后接动词原形）
（5）（2005江苏卷） But for the most wonderful thing about Jack was his musical ability. 83. for
（but是连词for是介词，不能并列）
5. 固定结构（固定句型、固定短语、固定搭配）
所谓固定结构是指英语中一些不能随意更改的习惯表达。如固定短语中的词不能缺，固定搭配要前后一致等。
（1）（2003全国卷81）Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was ... 81. talking
（enjoy doing为固定短语）
（2）（2004 全国卷Ⅰ）I am sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool. 79. at
（laugh at sb. 固定短语）
（3）（2004 浙江卷）from friends can all provide you for stamps from all over the world. 82． with
（provide ... with为固定短语）
（4）（2005全国卷Ⅱ）I am writing to thank you with your kind help. 76. for
（thank sb for sth）
（5）（2005全国卷Ⅰ） or for permission to do things by money. 83. with
（with money）
6. 冠词
英语中冠词只有三个，从高考英语改错题的角度来看，只能从以下几个方向出题：1）不定冠词a和an互改；2）不定冠词a或an和定冠词the互改；3）根据需要增删冠词。
（1）（2004 全国卷Ⅲ）I will have to decide what I want to do over a weekend. 77. the
（根据句义是特指这个周末）
（2）（2004江苏卷）When I was ∧boy, ... 76. ∧a
（我是一个男孩，应用不定冠词 a.）
（3）（2004 辽宁卷）This was my first visit to a English family. 78. an
（English开头字母是元音，应该用an）
（4）（2004重庆卷）I started writing down words from ∧ books that I read. 82. ∧the
（名词后由从句修饰时，应使用定冠词）
（5）（2005全国卷Ⅱ）I hope you’ve had∧pleasant journey home and will come to China 83. ∧a
7. 代词
代词不仅要与其所指代对象一致，其运用还要符合上下文的语气及逻辑关系。
（1）（2004 浙江卷）And every year more and more people start a stamp collection of your own ... 78. their
（指代对象应一致）
（2）（2004湖北卷）You have to be friends with your pupils and take good care of him. 83. them
（pupils 是复数,后应该用替代复数名词的代词。）
（3）（2005全国卷Ⅰ）Some students may also save up for our college or future use. 85. their
（指代对象应一致）
（4）（2005江苏卷）We often play a trick on himself. 79. him
（play a trick on sb）
8. 连词及与并置问题
连词连接的前后两部分是否合乎逻辑；并列连词所连接的前后两部分结构是否等同。这两点是解答连词及其相关问题的关键所在。
（1）（2004江苏卷）My grandma was the best cook in the world but could make the most delicious dishes. 79. and
（从句意可知，此处表并列关系，应用and）
（2）（2004全国卷Ⅳ）My class will be over by then or I will pick you up there. 82. and
（并列关系，“于是、同时、然后”等意思）
（3）（2004全国卷Ⅱ）I would describe myself as shy and quietly. 77. quiet
（连接的词性应一致）
9. 易混淆的词或词组
易混淆的词既包括词意相同或相近的同义词、近义词，也包括外形相似、意义有别的词组。易混淆词或词组的辨析也是高考改错题中不容忽视的部分。
（1）（2004全国卷Ⅰ）Finding information on the Net is easily. 83. easy
（be easy 非常容易，形容词做表语）
（2）（2004福建卷）She called 119 immediate. 84. immediately
（副词做状语）
（3）（2003全国卷）I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English. 78. everything
（在陈述句中一般用everything）
（4）（2004 重庆卷）...but I had terribly problems memorizing them. 77. terrible
（作定语应用形容词）
（5）（2005全国卷Ⅱ）My pronunciation was terribly. 78.terrible
（系动词后用形容词作表语）
以上错误类型的划分不一定很科学，但至少能为考生解答高考英语改错题提供思考。一旦考生认清了高考英语改错题的特点、解题以及错误类型，解题时就不会盲目从事，而能做到有的放矢。
动词的时态和语态高考考点及解题指导
一、考点聚焦
综观近年来的单项填空题,动词成为考查的热点,在15个单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于2道，动词的时态常和语态、主谓一致结合在一起进行考查。然而,时态多达16种,常用的也有8种之多,且近几年的在考查时态时,形式灵活多样,多体现在上下文语境中,且融多个考点于一题, 这样无形中增加了的难度。其实，纵观近几年的时态语态题，我们不难发现其命题的三个角度：一是直接给定时间状语，考生可直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；二是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有着较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语进行选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出判断并选择最佳答案。
二、真题再现与技巧点播
答题时，研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参考信息”，如：haven’t said, was doing等，这些表达中都含有时间信息，发现和有效利用这些信息是解决问题的关键。解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路：
① 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干句中可参照的时间信息有那些？
② 这个动作处于什么时态，是进行中，还是已经结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？
③ 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。具体技巧如下：
（一）根据题干中的时间标志词选择时态
1．---The window is dirty.
--- I know. It ________ for weeks. (04全国卷III)
A．hasn’t clean B．didn’t clean
C．wasn’t cleaned D．hasn’t been cleaned
答案：D 根据时间状语for weeks可知道用现在完成时，表示已经有好几周没擦窗了。并且主语It (即the window)与clean 是被动关系，故选D
2．Scientists think that the continents always where they today. （05北京）
A．aren’t; are B．aren’t; were C．weren’t; are D．weren’t; were
答案：C 本题考查时态。由第二个空后的时间状语today可知第二个空应使用现在时态，故淘汰B、D两项，又因为句子内容是在不同时期的continents的位置进行对比，因此，应选择C项。
3．They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. （05江苏）
A．had been working; are still working B．had worked; were still working
C．have worked; were still working D．have worked; are still working
答案：A 此题考查的是时态问题。从before引导的从句中的过去时态可知主句的时态应为过去完成时。故排除C、D。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直了一周”，强调动作的连续。故答案为A。
4．The country life he was used to greatly since 1992. （05山东）
A．change B．has changed C．changing D．have changed
答案：B句中有since引导时间状语，这说明主句应为完成时，淘汰A、C。又因主语life为单数，淘汰D项，故选B。
5．With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year. （05山东）
A．is washing away B．is being washed away
C．are washing away D．are being washed away
答案：D句意为“随着更多森林被毁，每年有许多良田被冲”。本题考查主谓一致及被动语态问题。a large quantity of /large quantities of 后既可以加不可数名词也可以加复数名词，其谓语动词与quantity的数保持一致。
6．--________David and Vicky ________married?
--For about three years．(2003北京)
A．How long were；being B．How long have；got
C．How long have；been D．How long did；get
答案C 从答语For about three years判断，该题问的是动作持续了多久，用现在完成时，排除A、D选项。get married强调的是结婚这一动作，不能延续，排除B。be married表示已婚的状态，可以延续。
[命题角度]
动词时态须与句中时间状语一致。高考题常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态的实际运用。
[应对策略]
敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态。
（二）根据主从句时态呼应的原则选择时态
7．When the old man to walk back to his house, the sun itself behind the mountain. （05湖北）
A．started; had already hidden B．had started; had already hidden
C．had started; was hiding D．was starting; hid
答案：A 此题考查的是时态问题。此题句意为“当老人开始往家走时，太阳已经下山了”。太阳落山的动作发生在开始往家走之前，即从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。故选A。
8．--- What would you do if it tomorrow? （05全国）
--- We have to carry it on , since we’ve got everything ready .
A．rain B．rains C．will rain D．is raining
答案：B 在条件状语从句（if，as long as，even if）、时间状语从句（when，until，before，the moment…）中往往用一般现在时表示将来。
9．They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. （05江苏）
A．had been working; are still working B．had worked; were still working
C．have worked; were still working D．have worked; are still working
答案：A 此题考查的是时态问题。从before引导的从句中的过去时态可知主句的时态应为过去完成时。故排除C、D。now一词提示用现在进行时，表示“他们一直工作了一周”，强调动作的连续。故答案为A。
10．As soon as he comes back, I’ll tell him when and see him. （05北京）
A．you will come B．will you come C．you come D．do you come
答案：A本题考查宾语从句的语序和时态。根据宾语从句应使用陈述语序，淘汰B、D 两项，又因为宾语从句come和see发生的时间为将来的动作就直接选用将来时态。只有在状语从句中才可以用一般现在时表示将来的动作，而宾语从句中不可，因此淘汰C。
[命题角度]
近年来的高题一般不再单纯考查主从句的时态呼应,而是将其放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查,也会结合强调结构等其它现象进行考查。
[应对策略]
在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:
①在时间、条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时态表示一般将来时态,一般过去时态表示过去将来时态,用现在完成时态表示将来完成时态。
② 正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。
③ 解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则: 如果主句动词为现在时态,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态; 如果主句动词为过去时态,则从句动词须用合适的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时态)。
（三）根据具体的语言环境选择时态
11．Years ago we didn’t know this, 高考 but recent science_________ that people who don’t sleep well will soon get ill.（05广东）
A．showed B．will show C．has shown D．is showing
答案：C用现在完成时，关键词是recent。
12．The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I before. （05全国卷II）
A．was having B．have C．have ever had D．had ever had
答案：C在句子的情景中,表示“从来没有尝过这么美味的咖啡”。故选C
13．（05全国）The hero’s story differently in the newspapers.
A．was reported B．was reporting C．reports D．reported
答案：A句意为“那位英雄的故事与在报纸上报道的不一样”。根据句意可判断英雄的事迹被报道为过去的事，所以用过去时的某个语态，排除C项；B、D两项为主动语态，不符合题干要求。
14．Now that she is out of job, Lucy ______ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. (04北京)
A．had considered B．has been considering
C．considered D．is going to consider
答案：B 根据所提供的情景but she hasn’t decided yet 说明了Lucy 还在考虑这件事，要用现在完成进行时，表示动作还在继续。
[命题角度]
近年来高考试题对时态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化、实际化。
[应对策略]
捕捉信息,理解情境,综合运用,灵活答题。
名师指导：2016年高中英语要点解析
知识要点：形容词或副词
形容词或副词在2014-2014四年浙江英语高考卷中考到三次。对于形容词和副词，学生首先应该掌握形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。热点预测：学生重要掌握两个即可：一是在下面这些半系动词sound，taste，smell，look，feel，seem，appear，stand，fall，remain，keep，get，grow，become，turn等后面常跟形容词作表语。 二是掌握名词前多个形容词的顺序问题，一般表主观形容词，如新旧大小长短是否漂亮这些形容词在前，表客观形容词，如颜色材料质地本质形容词在后面。如an old small red paper packet 一个旧的红色的小纸包。
例如
-This book by Tony Garrison is of great use for our course.(A)
-But I think his latest one is ________worth reading.
A. better B. more C. most D. very
提示：此题"worth"前应用well修饰，well的比较级是better。
知识要点：替代词的用法
为使表达简洁明了，我们常用 it，one，ones，that，those 等替代词来替代前面已经出现的名词。从近几年的高考英语情况来看，考查替代词的用法和区别一直是一个热点。
用法指南：1)替代泛指的单数名词，通常用 one。
2)替代特指的单数名词，可用 it，that，the one。(替代不可数名词时，不能用 the one，而要用 it 或 that。替代人时，或有前置定语或后置定语修饰时，只能用 the one。)
3)替代泛指的复数名词，通常用 ones。
4)替代特指的复数名词，通常用 the ones。
例如
________should be made a rule for us to turn off the lights when we leave the classroom.(A)
A. It B. This C. One D. All
提示：It在此做形式主语，真正主语是to turn off the lights when we leave the classroom，因为主语太长,高中政治，选用了it来替代。it还可用作形式宾语，如：find it easy to learn English中的it替代find的真正宾语to learn English，做形式宾语。
知识要点：what的用法
What 在代词中属难掌握的词汇之一，也是高考英语的重量级词汇。一方面由于该结构及意义表现出明显的汉英差异；另一方面，高考在命题时不断使题干结构复杂化，这在很大程度上增加了题目的难度。热点预测：What 用在主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句中应充当成分，做主语、宾语或表语等, 但是不能用在定语从句中。
例如
Jose de Martin was born in _________ today is Argentina , on February 25, 1778.(B)
A. which B. what C. the place D. where
提示：此处today 表示时间，不表示地点，应把today移至Argentina后来思考此题，这样就不难得出What is Argentina 做in 的宾语从句。
知识要点：完形填空
完形填空测试应试者在语篇上综合运用语言结构的能力。完形填空中所填的词是与文章的上下文紧密联系的。完形填空题不是语法填空题，而是要在把握整个语篇和具体语境中作出最佳选择。正确答案应从本句信息，文章前面部分谈到过的信息，文章后面即将谈到的信息及综合全文所得到的信息中寻找。
知识要点：阅读理解
做阅读选择题时，先看问题再阅读文章，这样带着问题阅读，不仅可以节约时间，而且阅读有的放矢。但要避免只看跟问题有关的部分而丧失整体观念，否则更容易错误。
阅读理解考点主要集中在主旨大意题、事实细节题、推理判断题、生词猜测四大块。可采用概括段落大意；找主题句(文章的主题句, 及段落的主题句——句首句尾句中)， 核心词，中心论题及故事发展主线；画着重线等方法进行阅读，当有多个雷同信息时，仔细推敲。备战2014年高考，要特别关注科技进步(如"嫦娥一号"奔月工程)、 运动趣事(如2014年)、世界各地的风俗习惯，尤其是人们普遍不大熟悉的习俗(因为清明节、端午节、中秋节列入公共节日)、食品卫生、节能环境、公共安全，创建和谐社会等。
知识要点：作文
2014浙江高考说明中强调英语书面表达图画，图表都可能考到，情景形式会有图画、图表、提纲等。
图表作文多以说明文和议论文为主，要求考生根据所给的图表、数据及标题进行分析、研究，阅读其中的文字和说明，弄清各种信息之间的关系，提炼和确定出文章的中心思想。然后进行分析、概括和归纳。注意：
1)图表和数据内容不必全部描述。
2)善于抓住总的规律，趋势，归纳增减率。
3)时态：特定时间用过去时。经常出现的情况或自己的评述用一般现在时。
【图表式说明文写作方式】
1)简单描述图表和数据内容(针对此篇作文的多个数据，应有所选择，切不可逐一描述，不然就无法控制字数。)
2)图表和数据内容产生的原因
3)个人看法
【书面表达注意事项】
做书面表达时，语言叙述要准确恰当，试卷卷面要清洁整齐，尽量使用较多不同句子结构，尽量使用较多高级词汇。熟练背诵一些名人名言。熟练使用过渡词，保证文章条理清楚。牢记写作七忌：一忌体裁错位；二忌遗漏要点；三忌人称错误；四忌胡乱发挥； 五忌逐句翻译；六忌通篇短句；七忌滥用从句。
高考英语容易做错的题
1. They ______ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _____on it as no good results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working
此题的时间参照点是before I joined them,，所以第一个空应该用过去完成进行时，第二个空根据时间now用现在进行时。
2. It would be a good idea to use a plastic bottle, ___cut off, as a container to grow young plants in.
A. of which the top B. the top is C. the top of which D. with its 高中物理 top
此题是独立主格结构，如果题干改为 ____is cut off,答案则为A或C
3. ______ is it _____ has made Peter _____ he is today?
A. What; that; thatB. That; that; whatC. What; what; thatD. What; that; what
用还原法则为 It is what that has made Peter what he is today k可知是强调句式。
4. Before he went abroad，he spent as much time as he _____ English.
A. could learning B. learnedC. to learn D. could learn
spend time (in) doing sth 如果改为he did what he ______, 则答案为could to learn.
5. The person we talked about ____ our school last week．
A．visiting B．will visit C．visited D．has visited
此题中包含一个定语从句，the person既作先行词，又作句子的主语，要填入的应该是句子的谓语，根据后面的时间状语为last week，应选过去时。句中包含的定语从句we talked about中about虽为介词，但不影响主句的谓语，故应选C。
观察下面三个句子：
The person we spoke to ____ no answer at first．
A．making B．makes C．make D．made
此题中也包含一个定语从句we spoke to，the person既作先行词，又作句子的主语，要填入的应该是句子的谓语，根据句子的需要，应选过去时。本题中的to为陷阱，实际上它属于定语从句中，而不影响主句的谓语动词。故D正确。
The person we referred to（提及）____ us a report tomorrow．
A．giving B．will give C．gave D．give
同上题一样，句中包含定语从句we referred to，所缺成份为句子的谓语，又根据句中的tomorrow，故用将来时。选B。
The days we have been looking forward to ____ soon．
A．coming B．will come C．came D．have come
同理，此句中的定语从句包含短语look forward to，虽然to 为介词，但并不影响主句的谓语动词，只是一个陷阱而矣。又根据句中的soon，应用将来时，故选B。
6. Not far from the club there was a garden, ____ owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.A. whose B. its C. which D. that
答案为B。此题关键是理解seated这个单词，它是过去分词，而不是作谓语的过去式。它不能在句中谓语。所以后面句子不是一个非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，故选代词its。
7. You should treat him (in) the way ____ suits him most.
A. that B. in which C. / D. why
此题中先行词the way 后面的定语从句中充当主语。故只能选A。如果先行词the way有从句中充当状语，则可以用that, in which或省略。
8. He is a strict but kind-hearted father, ____ the children respect but are afraid of.
A. / B. that C. for whom D. one whom
此题答案只能为D。替代词one在句中作同位语，代指father，后面再接一个定语从句。先行词one 又在从句中充当宾语。
9. --- You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?
--- _____. And how I wish to go there again!
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven’t C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t
注意题中最后一个单词again（看三遍！）。不要误选为D。答案应为A。全句的句意为“你没有去过北京，是不是？”“不，我去过。我多么想再一次去那里。”
10. Not only ______the jewelry she ____been sold for her son’s gambling debts but also her house.
A. is； has B. has； hadC. has； has D. 不填； has
此题中由于Not only 置于句首，故用部分倒装结构。第一个has助动词，是句中谓语动词has been sold中has的提前。第二个has为实义动词，属于定语从句中，表示“有”的意思。本句的意思为：不但是她所有的珠宝而且还有她的房子一起已经被卖掉作为她儿子的赌债了。答案为C。
11. We should do more such exercises in the future，I think，_____ those we did yesterday.
A. as B. like C. about D. than
此题前面有more,根据题意，应该选D。比较：
□We should do such exercises in the future, I think, _____ we did yesterday.
此题应选A 因为we did yesterday是句子，所以用连词as
□The teacher suggested that we should do _____ what he did yesterday.
此题应选B 应为我what we did yesterday是名词性从句，所以用介词like
12. He will tell you _____ he expects will win such a match.
A. why B. whom C. which D. who
此题中的he expects是插入语，所以答案应为D
13. Who would you rather ______ the report instead of you？
A. have write B. have to writeC. write D. have written
此题还原为You would rather have who write the report instead of you.可知答案为A
句式为：have sb do sth
14. Who would you rather ______ you repair your CD player?
A. help B. helped C. helping D. to help
此题还原为You would rather who helped you repair your CD player.可知答案为B
句式为：would rather sb did sth 是虚拟语气
15. We’ll be free tomorrow，so I suggest ______ to the history museum.
A. to visit B. visitingC. we should visit D. a visit
suggest的句式为：
suggest sb (should) do sth是虚拟语气
suggest doing sth
suggest sth to sb 所以答案为D
16. I like swimming，while what my brother enjoys ______.
A. cooking B. to cook C. is cooking D. cook
what my brother enjoys是名词性从句做主语，所以答案为C
17. ― How long have you been here？ ― ______ the end of last month，
A. In B. By C. At D. Since
since引导的介词短语和现在完成时连用
18. ______ nice，the food was all eaten up soon.
A. Tasting B. Taste C. Tasted D. To taste
taste是系动词, 没有被动，答案A表示原因。对比：
____ nice, the food should be made by adding more sugar.此题应选D，表示条件。
19. He was sentenced to death ______ what he has stolen from the bank.
A. that B. since C. because D. because of
what he has stolen from the bank是名词性从句，所以应该用介词because of
20.―What do you think of the concert?―I really enjoy it. I didn’t expect it was ____ wonderful.
A. as B. more C. most D.very
A这是一个省略句，承接上文，省略了as I had thought。
21. I have no dreams ____ to have a happy life.
A. rather thanB. more than C. other than D. less than
other than 的意思是除了而rather than的意思是而不是
22. ―Ms Lin looks rather a kind lady.
―But in fact she is cold and hard on us. You ____believe it!
A. shouldn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D.needn’t
本题主要考查情态动词的意义和用法。选项A表示建议；选项B表示推测；选项C表示禁止；选项D表示需求。根据句子的意思，本题正确答案为B。
23. I’d try even if I may fail _____ sit there worrying in time of trouble.
A. rather than B. other than C. more than D. less than
A 考查than短语。rather than ：而不是。
24. He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the bus.?
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped?
此题的最佳答案不是B，而是C，其中的现在分词短语hoping to catch the bus用做伴随状语，即一边跑一边希望能赶上汽车。但是，如果选B，将to hope to catch the bus视为目的状语行不行呢？不行。因为“他拼命地跑”目的是“为了赶上公共汽车”，而不是“为了希望赶上公共汽车”，换句话说，将“希望”作为“目的”不妥。因为同样的原因，下面一题也应选hoping：?
He studied as hard as he could _____ to enter a good college.?
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped?
25. He had a lot of friends, none of _____ could lend him any money.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
此题选A，none of whom could ... 为非限制性定语从句
对比：He had a lot of friends, but none of _____ could lend him any money.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
此题选B，由于句中有并列连词 but，整个句子为并列句，因此选them
He wrote a lot of novels, none of _____ translated into a foreign language.?
A. them B. which?C . it D. what??
同学们看了上面一题的分析后，也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B，理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或 but，但这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A，注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同，即此句的 translated 不是谓语，而是一个非谓语动词（过去分词），所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子，而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated 前加一个助动词 was，则此题应选(which)，构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心，千万不要想当然，更不要受思维定势的影响?
26. I met several people there, two of _____were foreigners. ?
A. whom B. them C. who D. which?
此题选A，two of whom were foreigners 为非限制性定语从句
对比：I met several people there, two of _____ being foreigners. ?
A. whom B. them C. who D. which?
题选B，two of them being foreigners 不是一个完整的句子，因为句子没有谓语，而只有非谓语动词 being
27. She may have missed the train, in _____ case she won't arrive for another hour.?
A. whose B. that? C. which D. what??
此题容易误选 A，因为不少同学认为在定语从句中能用做定语的关系代词的只有 whose。其实除 whose 可用做定语外，which 也可用做定语，只是含义上有差别：在此情况下，whose 的意思相当于one's，而 which 的意思则相当于 that 或 this。比较：?
(1) This is Mary, whose ［= and her］ father we met last week.?
(2) Call again at 11, by which time ［= and by that time］ the meeting should be over.?
注：若27题中的逗号前如果有连词 and，则可选 B(that)。
28. According to the rules, students must not _____ their books during examinations.?
A. read B. watch ? C. notice D. look at
此题容易误选A，因为许多同学牢牢地记住了：看书看报用read，看电视用watch，看电影用see，看比赛用watch，看黑板用look at，等等。以上说法并没有错，但问题是，以上句子有其特殊性。一般说来，汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思，一是指阅读性地看书，即看书＝读书，此时通常用动词read；另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书，而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看，比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等，或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等，此时通常都不宜用动词read，而应根据情况选用其他动词(如look at)。又如：Let me have a look at the book.让我看看或翻翻这本书。
Please answer my questions without looking at your books.请不看书回答我的问题。
29. _____ with a good education can apply for the job.?
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
此题题选C，介词短语with a good education为修饰anyone的定语
30. _____ seen smoking here will be fined.? A. Who B. Whoever C. AnyoneD. Who ever?
题选C，过去分词短语seen smoking here为修饰anyone的定语(可视为anyone who is seen smoking here之省略)
31. ___ smoking here will be fined.?A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever?
题选C，现在分词短语smoking here为修饰anyone的定语
32. Is there a shop around _____ we can buy some toilet articles??
A. that B. which ? C. where D. what
此题很容易误选B，认为around是介词，选which用以代替前面的名词shop，在此用做介词around的宾语。此分析语法上并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个商店，在它的附近我们可以买到梳妆用品。这样的句意显然不合事理，因为人们通常总是在商店里面买东西，而不是在商店附近买东西。其实此题的最佳选项应是C，其中的around是副词(意为“在附近”)，而不是介词，其后where引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词shop，句意为：附近有没有我们可以买到梳妆用品的商店？
33. After ____ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
A. which B. it? C. what D. that
此题应选C，其余三项都很容易误选。误选A，认为介词后应接关系代词which（但是，若填关系代词，其前没有先行词）；B或D也不能选择，因为介词后可接what引导的宾语从句，但通常不能跟that引导的宾语从句或没有引导词的从句。另一方面，引导名词性从句的that也不能充当句子成分(句中的seemed缺主语)。选C，what引导的是宾语从句，用做介词after的宾语，其中的what可理解为some time that。
34. The judge paid no attention to _____ he had just lost his wife.?
A. that B. which C. what D. the fact that??
通常情况下，介词后不能直接跟that从句(极个别介词如except, but等除外)，遇此情况，应在that从句前加上 the fact（此时the fact用做介词宾语，其后that从句用做the fact的同位语）。
35. They own two cars, not to _____ a motorbike.?
A. speak B. say? C. talk D. mention
但其含义区别甚大：not to mention＝更不用说，此外还有：not to say＝虽不能说，即使不能说。如：He can speak French and Japanese, not to mention English. ?
他会法语和日语，更不用说英语了
David is handsome and smart, not to mention being a good athlete. ?
戴维漂亮精明，而且还是个优秀的运动员
It is warm, not to say hot. 天气虽说不上热，但也够暖了
He was impolite, not to say rude. 他即使不是粗鲁，至少也是没有礼貌。
36. I think he is _____ to win, but I'm not sure.?
A. possible B. likely? C. impossible D. certain??
从语意上看，D肯定不能选；从英语习惯上看，A和C也不能选；此题最佳答案为B。请再看几例：?
He is likely to arrive a bit late.他可能会晚到一会儿。
It's likely that he will go abroad.他可能会出国
注意：虽然possible和likely均可表示“可能”，但两者的搭配是不同的，即可说someone is likely to do sth，但不能说someone is possible to do sth。如：他有可能会同她一道去。
正：He is likely to go with her. ?正：It's likely that he will go with her.
误：He is possible to go with her. 正：It's possible that he will go with her.
另外，还可说：It's possible for him to go with her.
37. It is so difficult a problem that _____ student in this class _____ work it out.?
A. any, can't B. no, can? C. every, can D. no, can't??
此题很容易误选A，因为从句意上看，选A可将此句理解为“这个问题是如此之难，这个班上任何一个学生都不可能做出来”。但按英语习惯，any(任何一个)作为非肯定词，它只能出现在否定词not之后，而不能在其前，即可说not any,但不说any not。所以正确答案应选B?这工作太难了，恐怕谁也干不了。
正：The work is too difficult. I'm afraid no one can do it.
误：The work is too difficult. I'm afraid any one can't do it.?
什么也阻碍不了我同她结婚。
正：Nothing can prevent me from marrying her.?
误：Anything can't prevent me from marrying her.?
类似地，either (两者中的任意一个)作为非肯定词，它也应出现在否定词之后，而不能出现在否定词之前。如：这两兄弟都不聪明
正：Neither of the brothers is clever. / Neither brother is clever.?
误：Either of the brothers is not clever. / Either brother isn't clever.
38. The problem is not _____ easy. Think _____ over.?
A. such, it B. that, it? C. so,不填 D. that，不填
正确答案应为B，that 相当与 so .
39. Little Jim is going to spend his holiday in Paris, _____ lives his uncle.?
A. which B. who? C. where D. that??
许多同学一看到横线后的谓语动词lives，就以为横线处应填who，认为只有who与lives搭配才是合情合理的。但是错了，因为假若选who，那么who 当然就是lives的主语，lives是句子谓语，那么his uncle呢？它是什么成分？是宾语吗？不可能，因为动词live为不及物动词，由此可知，选B是不对的。其实，此题的最佳答案应是C，where lives his uncle为倒装语序，此句可改为and there lives his uncle或and his uncle lives there。
40. Good luck to you, and _____ all your wishes come true!?
A. can B. may? C. must D. should ??
答案选B，may置于句首可表示祝愿，又如：
?May you succeed.祝你成功
May God bless you.愿上帝保佑你
May you have a very happy married life.祝你的婚姻生活幸福美满。
41. _____ when one loses freedom does one know its value.?
A. Just B. Only ?C. Even D. Ever?
此题最佳答案应选B，主要因为其后主句用了倒装句式(...does one know its value)，而综合所给四个选项，只有“only +状语”置于句首才会引出倒装句式。又如：?
Only in this way can you do it well.只有用这种办法你才能把它做好
Only by working hard can you succeed.你只有努力才能成功
Only yesterday did he return me the money.昨天他才把钱还给我。
Only after the accident did he have his car inspected.只有在那次事故之后，他才叫人检查了他的车子
42. He was in great need of money, so he _____ $5, 000 for his car.?
A. paid B. took C. cost D. spent?
许多同学根据pay ... for ...这一搭配推断出此题应选Ａ。但是错了，当然若单独说He paid $5 000 for the car (他付了5 000美元买这车)也没什么不妥，但问题是，本句前面有这样一句He was in great need of money (他急需要钱)，既然是“急需要钱”，又怎么还会花5 000美元去买车呢？尤其还需注意的是car前的物主代词his，这说明是为自己的车花5 000美元，不合情理。此题的正确答案是B，take在此表示“获得”，句意为“他急需要钱，把自己的车以5 000美元给卖掉了”。
43. They weren't a particularly good team, but they refused to give in and _____ defeat.?
A. accept B. accepted? C. accepting D. to have accepted
此题容易误选B，误认为accepted与谓语refused并列。其实，最佳答案为A，动词accept与give并列
44. Mother told Jim to watch the milk until it boiled and then _____ off the gas.?
A. turn B. turning C. turned D. having turned
?答案为A，turn off the gas与 watch the milk until it boiled并列
45. “Have you seen _____ pen? I left it here this morning.”“Is it _____ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.”? A. a, the B. the, the C. a, a D. the, a?
此题容易误选A，生搬硬套冠词用法规则：第一次提到某人或某事物用不定冠词，第二次再提到该人或该事物时用定冠词。但事实上，此题的第二空Is it black one?中的one并非指前面提到的pen，即这里的one与前面的pen并非同一事物。另外，从后面的I think I saw it somewhere(我想我在哪个地方见过)可知前一句的black one不能是特指的，而应是泛指的，故应用不定冠词。此题正确答案为C
现在我们把此题变化一下：
46. “Have you seen___pen? I left it here this morning.” “Is it __black one? I found it in the corner.”
A. a, the B. the, the? C. a, a D. the, a
这样一改，此题的最佳答案就是A，而不是C了
47. My friend Mary is _____ beautiful girl and _____ girl everyone likes to work with.?
A. a, a B. a, the C. the, a D. the, the?
此题很容易误选B，认为第一次提到girl用不定冠词，第二次提到就应该用定冠词。但是，句中第二次提到girl时并不是特指的，此句实为一省略句，补充完整是：My friend Mary is a beautiful girl and she is a girl everyone likes to work with.?比较以下两句(第二个girl前用了定冠词，因为那是特指)：?
For this he asked a girl, but the girl refused to answer him.
为此他问了一个女孩，但这个女孩拒绝回答他
The other day he met a beautiful girl in the park and the girl smiled at him
48 “Is there _____ here?” “No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.”?
A. anybody B. everybody?C. somebody D. nobody??
此题容易误选A，认为这是一般疑问句，要用anybody。其实此题应选B，主要与上下文的语境有关。全文语境为：“大家都到齐了吗？”“没有，Bob和Tim两人请假了。”假若我们将此题作如下变换，则情形就会有所不同：??
49. “Is there _____ here?” “Yes, I'm upstairs. Please come and help me.”?
A. anybody B. everybody C. somebody D. nobody?
50. “I think the teacher is wrong, _____?” “No, I don't think so.”?
A. don't you B. don't I? C. doesn't he D. doesn't she
此题容易误选C或D，因为按照语法规则，I think后接宾语从句时，其反意疑问句与从句保持一致，但是退一步，即使按此规则，其反意疑问句也应是isn't he或isn't she之类的，而不是像C或D那样用doesn't he和doesn't she。综合四个选项，最佳答案为A，don't you为don't you think so之省略。
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